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🐁 Click on Images for Code! 🐁

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plotastic addresses the challenges of transitioning from exploratory data analysis to hypothesis testing in Python's data science ecosystem. Bridging the gap between seaborn and pingouin, this library offers a unified environment for plotting and statistical analysis. It simplifies the workflow with a user-friendly syntax and seamless integration with familiar seaborn parameters (y, x, hue, row, col). Inspired by seaborn's consistency, plotastic utilizes a DataAnalysis object to intelligently pass parameters to pingouin statistical functions. The library systematically groups the data according to the needs of statistical tests and plots, conducts visualisation, analyses and supports extensive customization options. In essence, plotastic establishes a protocol for configuring statical analyses through plotting parameters. This approach streamlines the process, translating seaborn parameters into statistical terms, providing researchers and data scientists with a cohesive and user-friendly solution in python.!

Workflow:

• 🧮 Import & Prepare your pandas DataFrame

- We require a long-format pandas dataframe with categorical columns - If it works with seaborn, it works with plotastic!

• 🔀 Make a DataAnalysis Object

- DataAnalysis(DataFrame, dims={x, y, hue, row, col}) - Check for empty data groups, differing samplesizes, NaN-count, etc. automatically

• ✅ Explore Data

- Check Data integrity, unequal samplesizes, empty groups, etc. - Quick preliminary plotting with e.g. DataAnalysis.catplot()

• 🔨 Adapt Data

- Categorize multiple columns at once - Transform dependent variable - Each step warns you, if you introduced NaNs without knowledge! - etc.

• ✨ Perform Statistical Tests ✨

- Check Normality, Homoscedasticity, Sphericity - Perform Omnibus tests (ANOVA, RMANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman) - Perform PostHoc tests (Tukey, Dunn, Wilcoxon, etc.) based on pg.pairwise_tests()

• 📊 Plot figure

- Use pre-defined and optimized multi-layered plots with one line (e.g. strip over box)! - Annotate statistical results (p-values as \, \\, \\\, etc.) with full control over which data to include or exclude!

• 💿 Save all results at once!

- One DataAnalysis object holds: - One DataFrame in self.data - One Figure in self.fig, self.axes - Multiple statistical results: self.results - Use DataAnalysis.save_statistics() to save all results to different sheets collected in one .xlsx filesheet per test

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In Principle:

• Categorical data is separable into seaborn's categorization

parameters: x, y, hue, row, col. We call those "dimensions".

• These dimensions are assigned to statistical terms:

- y is the dependent variable (DV) - x and hue are independent variables (IV) and are treated as within/between factors (categorical variables) - row and col are grouping variables (categorical variables) - A subject may be specified for within/paired study designs (categorical variable)

• For each level of row or col (or for each combination of

row- and col levels), statistical tests will be performed with regards to the two-factors x and hue

Example with ANOVA:

• Imagine this example data:

- Each day you measure the tip of a group of people. - For each tip, you note down the day, gender, age-group and whether they smoke or not. - Hence, this data has 4 categorical dimensions, each with 2 or more levels: - day: 4 levels (monday, tuesday, wednesday, Thursday) - gender: 2 levels (male, female) - smoker: 2 levels (yes, no) - age-group: 2 levels (young, old)

• Each category is assigned to a place of a plot, and when calling

statistical tests, we assign them to statistical terms (in comments): -

# dims is short for dimensions
      dims = dict(          # STATISTICAL TERM:
          y = "tip",        # y-axis, dependent variable
          x = "day",        # x-axis, independent variable (within-subject factor)
          hue = "gender",   # color,  independent variable (within-subject factor)
          col = "smoker",   # axes,   grouping variable
          row = "age-group" # axes,   grouping variable
      )

• We perform statistical testing groupwise:

- For each level-combinations of smoker and age-group, a two-way ANOVA will be performed (with day and gender as between factors for each datagroup): - 1st ANOVA assesses datapoints where smoker=yes AND age-group=young - 2nd ANOVA assesses datapoints where smoker=yes AND age-group=old - 3rd ANOVA assesses datapoints where smoker=no AND age-group=young - 4th ANOVA assesses datapoints where smoker=no AND age-group=old - Three-way ANOVAs are not possible (yet), since that would require setting e.g. col as the third factor, or implementing another dimension (e.g. hue2).

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This software was inspired by ...

• ... Intuitive Biostatistics - Fourth Edition (2017); Harvey

Motulsky

• ... *Introduction to Statistical Learning with applications in

Python* - First Edition (2023); Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jonathan Taylor

• ... talking to other scientists struggling with statistics

✅ plotastic can help you with...

• ... gaining some practical experience when learning statistics
• ... quickly gain statistical implications about your data without

switching to another software

• ... making first steps towards a full statistical analysis
• ... plotting publication grade figures (check statistics results with

other software)

• ... publication grade statistical analysis IF you really know what

you're doing OR you have back-checked your results by a professional statistician

• ... quickly test data transformations (log)

🚫 plotastic can NOT ...

• ... replace a professional statistician
• ... teach you statistics, you need some basic knowledge (but is

awesome for practicing!)

• ... test for multicolinearity (Absence of multicolinearity is required

by ANOVA!)

• ... perform stringent correction for multiple testing (e.g.

bonferoni), as statistical tests are applied to sub-facets of the whole dataframe for each axes, which depends on the definition of x, hue, col, etc. Hence, corrected p-values might over-estimate the significance of your results.

🟡 Be critical and responsible with your statistical analysis!

• Expect Errors: Don't trust automated systems like this one!
• Document your work in ridiculous detail:

- Include the applied tests, the number of technical replicates and the number of biological/independent in each figure legend - State explicitly what each datapoint represents: - 1 datapoint = 1 Technical replicate? - 1 datapoint = The mean of all technical replicate per independent replicate/subject? - State explicitly what the error-bars mean: Standard deviation? Confidence interval? - (Don't mix technical with biological/independent variance) - Report if/how you removed outliers - Report if you did or did not apply correction methods (multiple comparisons, Greenhouse Geyser, etc.) and what your rationale is (exploratory vs. confirmatory study? Validation through other methods to reduce Type I error?)

• Check results with professionnals:

- *"Here is my data, here is my question, here is my analysis, here is my interpretation. What do you think?"*

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• ✅: Complete and tested
• 👍: Complete
• 📆: Planned or unfinished (no date)
• 🤷: Maybe..? (Rather not...)
• 🚫: Not planned, don't want
• 😣: Help Please..?

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Plotting

• 👍 Make and Edit Plots: Implemented ✅

- All (non-facetgrid) seaborn plots should work, not tested

• 📆 QQ-Plot
• 📆 Kaplan-Meyer-Plot
• 🤷 Interactive Plots (where you click stuff and adjust scale etc.)

- That's gonna be alot of work!

• 🚫 Support for seaborn.FacetGrid

- *Why not? - plotastic uses matplotlib figures and fills its axes with seaborn plot functions. In my opinion, that's the best solution that offers the best adaptibility of every plot detail while bieng easy to maintain*

• 🚫 Support for seaborn.objects (same as Facetgrid)

- Why not? - I don't see the need to refactor the code

• 😣 NEED HELP WITH: The hidden state of matplotlib

figures/plots/stuff that gets drawn: - *I want to save the figure in DataAnalysis.fig attribute. As simple as that sounds, matplotlib does weird stuff, not applying changes after editing the plot.* - *It'd be cool if I could control the changes to a DataAnalysis object better (e.g. using inplace=True like with pd.DataFrames). But I never figured out how to control matplotlib figure generation, even with re-drawing the figure with canvas. It's a mess and I wasted so much time already.*

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Multi-Layered Plotting

• ✅ Box-plot + swarm
• 👍 Box-plot + strip
• 📆 Violin + swarm/strip

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Statistics

• Assumption testing

- ✅ Normality (e.g. Shapiro-Wilk) - ✅ Homoscedasticity (e.g. Levene) - ✅ Sphericity (e.g. Mauchly)

• Omnibus tests

- ✅ ANOVA, RMANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman - 📆 Mixed ANOVA - 📆 Annotate Results into Plot

• PostHoc

- ✅ pg.pairwise_tests() - *Works with all primary options. That includes all parametric, non-parametric, paired, unpaired, etc. tests (t-test, paired t-test, MWU, Wilcoxon, etc.)* - ✅ Annotate Stars into plots (\, \\*, etc.) - Specific pairs can be included/excluded from annotation - 📆 Make correction for multiple testing go over complete DataFrame and not Facet-wise:

• Bivariate

- 📆 Find and Implement system to switch between numerical and categorical x-axis - *Function to convert numerical data into categorical data by binning?* - 📆 Pearson, Spearman, Kendall

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Analysis Pipelines

*Idea: Put all those statistical tests into one line. I might work on this only after everything's implemented and working confidently and well!*

• 🤷 between_samples(parametric=True):    ANOVA + Tukey (if Normality

& Homoscedasticity are given)

• 🤷 between_samples(parametric=False):  Kruskal-Wallis + Dunn
• 🤷 within_samples(parametric=True):      RM-ANOVA + multiple paired

t-tests (if Normality & Sphericity are given)

• 🤷 within_samples(parametric=False):    Friedman + multiple Wilcoxon

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[//]:<==end of ✅ Feature List ==>

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• 🛑 Not everything shown here is implemented and not everything that's

implemented is shown here!

• 🐁 Open the raw .svg in your browser and click on a class to see its source code!

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• Download/Clone repository
• Install development tools pip install .[dev]
• Run tests

- Run pytest ./tests - To include a coverage report run pytest ./tests -cov--cov-report=html and open ./htmlcov/index.html with your browser.

When interacting with the community, you must adhere to the Code of Conduct

Contribute

I am grateful for pull requests!

• Make sure to understand the code (e.g. see Class diagram in this Readme)
• Run tests before submitting a pull request

Reporting Issues & Problems

If you need help, please open an issue on this repository.

• Please provide a minimal example to reproduce the problem.

Support

If you need help, please open an issue on this repository.

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Kuric et al., (2024). plotastic: Bridging Plotting and Statistics in Python. Journal of Open Source Software, 9(95), 6304, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.06304

Vallat, R. (2018). Pingouin: statistics in Python. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(31), 1026, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01026

Waskom, M. L., (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(60), 3021, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03021.

@article{Kuric2024, 
  doi = {10.21105/joss.06304}, 
  url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.06304}, 
  year = {2024}, publisher = {The Open Journal}, 
  volume = {9}, 
  number = {95}, 
  pages = {6304}, 
  author = {Martin Kuric and Regina Ebert}, 
  title = {plotastic: Bridging Plotting and Statistics in Python}, 
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software} 
}
@article{Waskom2021,     doi = {10.21105/joss.03021},     url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03021},     year = {2021},     publisher = {The Open Journal},     volume = {6},     number = {60},     pages = {3021},     author = {Michael L. Waskom},     title = {seaborn: statistical data visualization},     journal = {Journal of Open Source Software}  }    @article{Vallat2018,   title    = "Pingouin: statistics in Python",   author   = "Vallat, Raphael",   journal  = "The Journal of Open Source Software",   volume   =  3,   number   =  31,   pages    = "1026",   month    =  nov,   year     =  2018 }

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