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Ultimate List of Linux bash commands
Bash is the Unix command-line interface (CLI). Also called the terminal, the command line, or the shell. It's a command language that allows us to work with files on our computers in a way that's far more efficient and powerful than using a GUI (graphical user interface)._
A to Z command list 
Note 💡
Use Ctrl+f to search keywords in desktop browsers, for mobile go to menu > find in page.
A
| Command |
Description |
| accept |
Accept or Reject jobs to a destination, such as a printer. |
| access |
Check a user’s RWX(read, write and execute) permission for a file. |
| accton |
Used to turn on or turn off the process for accounting or change info process accounting file. |
| aclocal |
Used to automatically generate aclocal.m4 files from configure.in file. |
| aconnect |
ALSA(Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) sequencer connection manager. |
| acpi |
Show information about the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface. |
| acpi_available |
Check if ACPI(Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) functionality exists on the system. |
| acpid |
Informs user-space programs about ACPI events. |
| addr2line |
Used to convert addresses into file names and line numbers. |
| addresses |
Formats for internet mail addresses. |
| agetty |
An alternative Linux Getty that manages physical or virtual terminals to allow multi-user access |
| alias |
Create an alias, a shortcut that references a command. |
| alsactl |
Access advanced controls for ALSA soundcard driver. |
| amidi |
Perform read/write operation for ALSA RawMIDI ports. |
| amixer |
Access CLI-based mixer for ALSA soundcard driver. |
| anacron |
Used to run commands periodically. |
| aplay |
Sound recorder and player for CLI. |
| aplaymidi |
CLI utility used to play MIDI files. |
| apm |
Show Advanced Power Management (APM) hardware info on older systems. |
| apmd |
Used to handle events reported by APM BIOS drivers. |
| apropos |
Shows the list of all man pages containing a specific keyword. |
| apt |
Advanced Package Tool, a package management system for Debian and derivatives. |
| apt-get |
Command-line utility to install/remove/update packages based on APT system. |
| aptitude |
Another utility to add/remove/upgrade packages based on the APT system. |
| ar |
A utility to create/modify/extract from archives. |
| arch |
Display print machine hardware name. |
| arecord |
Just like aplay, it’s a sound recorder and player for ALSA soundcard driver. |
| arecordmidi |
Record standard MIDI files. |
| arp |
Used to make changes to the system’s ARP cache. |
| as |
A portable GNU assembler. |
| aspell |
An interactive spell checker utility. |
| at |
Used to schedule command execution at specified date & time, reading commands from an input file. |
| atd |
Used to execute jobs queued by the at command. |
| atq |
List a user’s pending jobs for the at command. |
| atrm |
Delete jobs queued by the at command. |
| audiosend |
Used to send an audio recording as an email. |
| aumix |
An audio mixer utility. |
| autoconf |
Generate configuration scripts from a TEMPLATE-FILE and send the output to standard output. |
| autoheader |
Create a template header for configure. |
| automake |
Creates GNU standards-compliant Makefiles from template files. |
| autoreconf |
Update generated configuration files. |
| autoscan |
Generate a preliminary configure.in file. |
| autoupdate |
Update a configure.in file to newer autoconf. |
| awk |
A scripting language used for manipulating data and generating reports. Also used to find and replace text in a file(s). |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
B
| Command |
Description |
| badblocks |
Search a disk partition for bad sectors. |
| banner |
Used to print characters as a poster. |
| basename |
Used to display filenames with directory or suffix. |
| bash |
GNU Bourne-Again Shell. |
| batch |
Used to run commands entered on a standard input. |
| bc |
Access the GNU bc calculator utility. |
| bg |
Send processes to the background. |
| biff |
Notify about incoming mail and sender’s name on a system running comsat server. |
| bind |
Used to attach a name to a socket. |
| bison |
A GNU parser generator, compatible with yacc. |
| break |
Used to exit from a loop (eg: for, while, select). |
| builtin |
Used to run shell builtin commands, make custom functions for commands extending their functionality. |
| bzcmp |
Used to call the cmp program forbzip2 compressed files. |
| bzdiff |
Used to call the diff program for bzip2 compressed files. |
| bzgrep |
Used to call grep for bzip2 compressed files. |
| bzip2 |
A block-sorting file compressor used to shrink given files. |
| bzless |
Used to apply ‘less’ (show info one page at a time) to bzip2 compressed files. |
| bzmore |
Used to apply ‘more’ (an inferior version of less) to bzip2 compressed files. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
C
| Command |
Description |
| cal |
Show calendar. |
| cardctl |
Used to control PCMCIA sockets and select configuration schemes. |
| cardmgr |
Keeps an eye on the added/removes sockets for PCMCIA devices. |
| case |
Execute a command conditionally by matching a pattern. |
| cat |
Used to concatenate files and print them on the screen. |
| cc |
GNU C and C++ compiler. |
| ccrypt |
Used for encryption and decryption of data. |
| cd |
Used to change directory. |
| cdda2wav |
Used to rip a CD-ROM and make WAV file. |
| cdparanoia |
Record audio from CD more reliably using data-verification algorithms. |
| cdrdao |
Used to write all the content specified to a file to a CD all at once. |
| cdrecord |
Used to record data or audio compact discs. |
| cfdisk |
Show or change the disk partition table. |
| chage |
Used to change user password information. |
| chattr |
Used to change file attributes. |
| chdir |
Used to change active working directory. |
| chfn |
Used to change real user name and information. |
| chgrp |
Used to change group ownership for file. |
| chkconfig |
Manage execution of runlevel services. |
| chmod |
Change access permission for a file(s). |
| chown |
Change the owner or group for a file. |
| chpasswd |
Update password in a batch. |
| chroot |
Run a command with root directory. |
| chrt |
Alter process attributed in real-time. |
| chsh |
Switch login shell. |
| chvt |
Change foreground virtual terminal. |
| cksum |
Perform a CRC checksum for files. |
| clear |
Used to clear the terminal window. |
| cmp |
Compare two files (byte by byte). |
| col |
Filter reverse (and half-reverse) line feeds from the input. |
| colcrt |
Filter nroff output for CRT previewing. |
| colrm |
Remove columns from the lines of a file. |
| column |
A utility that formats its input into columns. |
| comm |
Used to compare two sorted files line by line. |
| command |
Used to execute a command with arguments ignoring shell function named command. |
| compress |
Used to compress one or more file(s) and replacing the originals ones. |
| continue |
Resume the next iteration of a loop. |
| cp |
Copy contents of one file to another. |
| cpio |
Copy files from and to archives. |
| cpp |
GNU C language processor. |
| cron |
A daemon to execute scheduled commands. |
| crond |
Same work as cron. |
| crontab |
Manage crontab files (containing schedules commands) for users. |
| csplit |
Split a file into sections on the basis of context lines. |
| ctags |
Make a list of functions and macro names defined in a programming source file. |
| cupsd |
A scheduler for CUPS. |
| curl |
Used to transfer data from or to a server using supported protocols. |
| cut |
Used to remove sections from each line of a file(s). |
| cvs |
Concurrent Versions System. Used to track file versions, allow storage/retrieval of previous versions, and enables multiple users to work on the same file. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
D
| Command |
Description |
| date |
Show system date and time. |
| dc |
Desk calculator utility. |
| dd |
Used to convert and copy a file, create disk clone, write disk headers, etc. |
| ddrescue |
Used to recover data from a crashed partition. |
| deallocvt |
Deallocates kernel memory for unused virtual consoles. |
| debugfs |
File system debugger for ext2/ext3/ext4 |
| declare |
Used to declare variables and assign attributes. |
| depmod |
Generate modules.dep and map files. |
| devdump |
Interactively displays the contents of device or file system ISO. |
| df |
Show disk usage. |
| diff |
Used to compare files line by line. |
| diff3 |
Compare three files line by line. |
| dig |
Domain Information Groper, a DNS lookup utility. |
| dir |
List the contents of a directory. |
| dircolors |
Set colors for ‘ls’ by altering the LS_COLORS environment variable. |
| dirname |
Display pathname after removing the last slash and characters thereafter. |
| dirs |
Show the list of remembered directories. |
| disable |
Restrict access to a printer. |
| dlpsh |
Interactive Desktop Link Protocol (DLP) shell for PalmOS. |
| dmesg |
Examine and control the kernel ring buffer. |
| dmidecode |
Used when the user wants to retrieve system’s hardware related information such as Processor, RAM(DIMMs), BIOS detail, etc. of Linux system in a readable format. |
| dnsdomainname |
Show the DNS domain name of the system. |
| dnssec-keygen |
Generate encrypted Secure DNS keys for a given domain name. |
| dnssec-makekeyset |
Produce domain key set from one or more DNS security keys generated by dnssec-keygen. |
| dnssec-signkey |
Sign a secure DNS keyset with key signatures specified in the list of key-identifiers. |
| dnssec-signzone |
Sign a secure DNS zonefile with the signatures in the specified list of key-identifiers. |
| doexec |
Used to run an executable with an arbitrary argv list provided. |
| domainname |
Show or set the name of current NIS (Network Information Services) domain. |
| dosfsck |
Used to retrieve information or statistics form components of the system such as network connections, IO devices, or CPU, etc. |
| dpkg |
Install, build, remove and manage debian software packages. |
| dstat |
Check and repair MS-DOS file systems. |
| du |
Show disk usage summary for a file(s). |
| dump |
Backup utility for ext2/ext3 file systems. |
| dumpe2fs |
Dump ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems. |
| dumpkeys |
Show information about the keyboard driver’s current translation tables. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
E
| Command |
Description |
| e2fsck |
Used to check ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems. |
| e2image |
Store important ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem metadata to a file. |
| e2label |
Show or change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. |
| echo |
Send input string(s) to standard output i.e. display text on the screen. |
| ed |
GNU Ed – a line-oriented text editor. |
| edquota |
Used to edit filesystem quotas using a text editor, such as vi. |
| egrep |
Search and display text matching a pattern. |
| eject |
Eject removable media. |
| elvtune |
Used to set latency in the elevator algorithm used to schedule I/O activities for specified block devices. |
| emacs |
Emacs text editor command line utility. |
| enable |
Used to enable/disable shell builtin commands. |
| env |
Run a command in a modified environment. Show/set/delete environment variables. |
| envsubst |
Substitute environment variable values in shell format strings. |
| esd |
Start the Enlightenment Sound Daemon (EsounD or esd). Enables multiple applications to access the same audio device simultaneously. |
| esd-config |
Manage EsounD configuration. |
| esdcat |
Use EsounD to send audio data from a specified file. |
| esdctl |
EsounD control program. |
| esddsp |
Used to reroute non-esd audio data to esd and control all the audio using esd. |
| esdmon |
Used to copy the sound being sent to a device. Also, send it to a secondary device. |
| esdplay |
Use EsounD system to play a file. |
| esdrec |
Use EsounD to record audio to a specified file. |
| esdsample |
Sample audio using esd. |
| etags |
Used to create a list of functions and macros from a programming source file. These etags are used by emacs. For vi, use ctags. |
| ethtool |
Used to query and control network driver and hardware settings. |
| eval |
Used to evaluate multiple commands or arguments are once. |
| ex |
Interactive command |
| exec |
An interactive line-based text editor. |
| exit |
Exit from the terminal. |
| expand |
Convert tabs into spaces in a given file and show the output. |
| expect |
An extension to the Tcl script, it’s used to automate interaction with other applications based on their expected output. |
| export |
Used to set an environment variable. |
| expr |
Evaluate expressions and display them on standard output. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
F
| Command |
Description |
| factor |
Display prime factors of specified integer numbers. |
| false |
Do nothing, unsuccessfully. Exit with a status code indicating failure. |
| fc |
Used to list, edit or re-execute the commands previously entered into an interactive shell. |
| fc-cache |
Make font information cache after scanning the directories. |
| fc-list |
Show the list of available fonts. |
| fdformat |
Do a low-level format on a floppy disk. |
| fdisk |
Make changes to the disk partition table. |
| fetchmail |
Fetch mail from mail servers and forward it to the local mail delivery system. |
| fg |
Used to send a job to the foreground. |
| fgconsole |
Display the number of the current virtual console. |
| fgrep |
Display lines from a file(s) that match a specified string. A variant of grep. |
| file |
Determine file type for a file. |
| find |
Do a file search in a directory hierarchy. |
| finger |
Display user data including the information listed in .planand .projectin each user’s home directory. |
| fingerd |
Provides a network interface for the finger program. |
| flex |
Generate programs that perform pattern-matching on text. |
| fmt |
Used to convert text to a specified width by filling lines and removing new lines, displaying the output. |
| fold |
Wrap input line to fit in a specified width. |
| for |
Expand words and run commands for each one in the resultant list. |
| formail |
Used to filter standard input into mailbox format. |
| format |
Used to format disks. |
| free |
Show free and used system memory. |
| fsck |
Check and repair a Linux file system |
| ftp |
File transfer protocol user interface. |
| ftpd |
FTP server process. |
| function |
Used to define function macros. |
| Fun |
Used to draw various type of patterns on the terminal. |
| fuser |
Find and kill a process accessing a file. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
G
| Command |
Description |
| g++ |
Run the g++ compiler. |
| gawk |
Used for pattern scanning and language processing. A GNU implementation of AWK language. |
| gcc |
A C and C++ compiler by GNU. |
| gdb |
A utility to debug programs and know about where it crashes. |
| getent |
Shows entries from Name Service Switch Libraries for specified keys. |
| getkeycodes |
Displays the kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table. |
| getopts |
A utility to parse positional parameters. |
| gpasswd |
Allows an administrator to change group passwords. |
| gpg |
Enables encryption and signing services as per the OpenPGP standard. |
| gpgsplit |
Used to split an OpenPGP message into packets. |
| gpgv |
Used to verify OpenPGP signatures. |
| gpm |
It enables cut and paste functionality and a mouse server for the Linux console. |
| gprof |
Shows call graph profile data. |
| grep |
Searches input files for a given pattern and displays the relevant lines. |
| groff |
Serves as the front-end of the groff document formatting system. |
| groffer |
Displays groff files and man pages. |
| groupadd |
Used to add a new user group. |
| groupdel |
Used to remove a user group. |
| groupmod |
Used to modify a group definition. |
| groups |
Showthe group(s) to which a user belongs. |
| grpck |
Verifies the integrity of group files. |
| grpconv |
Creates agshadow file from a group or an already existing gshadow. |
| gs |
Invokes Ghostscript, and interpreter and previewer for Adobe’s PostScript and PDF languages. |
| gunzip |
A utility to compress/expand files. |
| gzexe |
Used compress executable files in place and have them automatically uncompress and run at a later stage. |
| gzip |
A utility to compress/expand files. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
H
| Command |
Description |
| halt |
Command used to half the machine. |
| hash |
Shows the path for the commands executed in the shell. |
| hdparm |
Show/configure parameters for SATA/IDE devices. |
| head |
Shows first 10 lines from each specified file. |
| help |
Display’s help for a built-in command. |
| hexdump |
Shows specified file output in hexadecimal, octal, decimal, or ASCII format. |
| history |
Shows the command history. |
| host |
A utility to perform DNS lookups. |
| hostid |
Shows host’s numeric ID in hexadecimal format. |
| hostname |
Display/set the hostname of the system. |
| hostnamectl |
Provides a proper API used to control Linux system hostname and change its related settings. |
| htdigest |
Manage the user authentication file used by the Apache web server. |
| htop |
An interactive process viewer for the command line. |
| hwclock |
Show or configure the system’s hardware clock. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
I
| Command |
Description |
| iconv |
Convert text file from one encoding to another. |
| id |
Show user and group information for a specified user. |
| if |
Execute a command conditionally. |
| ifconfig |
Used to configure network interfaces. |
| ifdown |
Stops a network interface. |
| iftop |
It is a network analyzing tool used by system administrators to view the bandwidth related stats. |
| ifup |
Starts a network interface. |
| imapd |
An IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol) server daemon. |
| import |
Capture an X server screen and saves it as an image. |
| inetd |
Extended internet services daemon, it starts the programs that provide internet services. |
| info |
Used to read the documentation in Info format. |
| init |
Systemd system and service manager. |
| insmod |
A program that inserts a module into the Linux kernel. |
| install |
Used to copy files to specified locations and set attributions during the install process. |
| iostat |
Shows statistics for CPU, I/O devices, partitions, network filesystems. |
| iotop |
Used to display and monitor the disk IO usage details and even gets a table of existing IO utilization by the process. |
| ip |
Display/manipulate routing, devices, policy, routing and tunnels. |
| ipcrm |
Used to remove System V interprocess communication (IPC) objects and associated data structures. |
| ipcs |
Show information on IPC facilities for which calling process has read access. |
| iptables |
Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and NAT. |
| iptables-restore |
Used to restore IP tables from data specified in the input or a file. |
| iptables-save |
Used to dump IP table contents to standard output. |
| iwconfig |
Used to display the parameters, and the wireless statistics which are extracted from /proc/net/wireless. |
| isodump |
A utility that shows the content iso9660 images to verify the integrity of directory contents. |
| isoinfo |
A utility to perform directory like listings of iso9660 images. |
| isosize |
Show the length of an iso9660 filesystem contained in a specified file. |
| isovfy |
Verifies the integrity of an iso9660 image. |
| ispell |
A CLI-based spell-check utility. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
J
| Command |
Description |
| jobs |
Show the list of active jobs and their status. |
| join |
For each pair of input lines, join them using a command field and display on standard output. |
journalctl |
Used to view systemd, kernal and journal logs. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
K
| Command |
Description |
| kbd_mode |
Set a keyboard mode. Without arguments, shows the current keyboard mode. |
| kbdrate |
Reset keyboard repeat rate and delay time. |
| kill |
Send a kill (termination) signal to one more processes. |
| killall |
Kills a process(es) running a specified command. |
| killall5 |
A SystemV killall command. Kills all the processes excluding the ones which it depends on. |
| klogd |
Control and prioritize the kernel messages to be displayed on the console, and log them through syslogd. |
| kudzu |
Used to detect new and enhanced hardware by comparing it with existing database. Only for RHEL and derivatives. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
L
| Command |
Description |
| last |
Shows a list of recent logins on the system by fetching data from /var/log/wtmp file. |
| lastb |
Shows the list of bad login attempts by fetching data from /var/log/btmpfile. |
| lastlog |
Displays information about the most recent login of all users or a specified user. |
| ld |
The Unix linker, it combines archives and object files. It then puts them into one output file, resolving external references. |
| ldconfig |
Configure dynamic linker run-time bindings. |
| ldd |
Shows shared object dependencies. |
| less |
Displays contents of a fileone page at a time. It’s advanced than more command. |
| lesskey |
Used to specify key bindings for less command. |
| let |
Used to perform integer artithmetic on shell variables. |
| lftp |
An FTP utility with extra features. |
| lftpget |
Uses lftop to retrieve HTTP, FTP, and other protocol URLs supported by lftp. |
| link |
Create links between two files. Similar to ln command. |
| ln |
Create links between files. Links can be hard (two names for the same file) or soft (a shortcut of the first file). |
| loadkeys |
Load keyboard translation tables. |
| local |
Used to create function variables. |
| locale |
Shows information about current or all locales. |
| locate |
Used to find files by their name. |
| lockfile |
Create semaphore file(s) which can be used to limit access to a file. |
| logger |
Make entries in the system log. |
| login |
Create a new session on the system. |
| logname |
Shows the login name of the current user. |
| logout |
Performs the logout operation by making changes to the utmp and wtmp files. |
| logrotate |
Used for automatic rotation, compression, removal, and mailing of system log files. |
| look |
Shows any lines in a file containing a given string in the beginning. |
| losetup |
Set up and control loop devices. |
| lpadmin |
Used to configure printer and class queues provided by CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System). |
| lpc |
Line printer control program, it provides limited control over CUPS printer and class queues. |
| lpinfo |
Shows the list of available devices and drivers known to the CUPS server. |
| lpmove |
Move on or more printing jobs to a new destination. |
| lpq |
Shows current print queue status for a specified printer. |
| lpr |
Used to submit files for printing. |
| lprint |
Used to print a file. |
| lprintd |
Used to abort a print job. |
| lprintq |
List the print queue. |
| lprm |
Cancel print jobs. |
| lpstat |
Displays status information about current classes, jobs, and printers. |
| ls |
Shows the list of files in the current directory. |
| lsattr |
Shows file attributes on a Linux ext2 file system. |
| lsblk |
Lists information about all available or the specified block devices. |
| lshw |
Used to generate the detailed information of the system’s hardware configuration from various files in the /proc directory. |
| lsmod |
Show the status of modules in the Linux kernel. |
| lsof |
List open files. |
| lspci |
List all PCI devices. |
| lsusb |
List USB devices. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
M
| Command |
Description |
| m4 |
Macro processor. |
| mail |
Utility to compose, receive, send, forward, and reply to emails. |
| mailq |
Shows to list all emails queued for delivery (sendmail queue). |
| mailstats |
Shows current mail statistics. |
| mailto |
Used to send mail with multimedia content in MIME format. |
| make |
Utility to maintain groups of programs, recompile them if needed. |
| makedbm |
Creates an NIS (Network Information Services) database map. |
| makemap |
Creates database maps used by the keyed map lookups in sendmail. |
| man |
Shows manual pages for Linux commands. |
| manpath |
Determine search path for manual pages. |
| mattrib |
Used to change MS-DOS file attribute flags. |
| mbadblocks |
Checks MD-DOS filesystems for bad blocks. |
| mcat |
Dump raw disk image. |
| mcd |
Used to change MS-DOS directory. |
| mcopy |
Used to copy MS-DOS files from or to Unix. |
| md5sum |
Used to check MD5 checksum for a file. |
| mdel, mdeltree |
Used to delete MS-DOS file. mdeltree recursively deletes MS-DOS directory and its contents. |
| mdir |
Used to display an MS-DOS directory. |
| mdu |
Used to display the amount of space occupied by an MS-DOS directory. |
| merge |
Three-way file merge. Includes all changes from file2 and file3 to file1. |
| mesg |
Allow/disallow osends to sedn write messages to your terminal. |
| metamail |
For sending and showing rich text or multimedia email using MIME typing metadata. |
| metasend |
An interface for sending non-text mail. |
| mformat |
Used to add an MS-DOS filesystem to a low-level formatted floppy disk. |
| mimencode |
Translate to/from MIME multimedia mail encoding formats. |
| minfo |
Display parameters of an MS-DOS filesystem. |
| mkdir |
Used to create directories. |
| mkdosfs |
Used to create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux. |
| mke2fs |
Used create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. |
| mkfifo |
Used to create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given names. |
| mkfs |
Used to build a Linux filesystem on a hard disk partition. |
| mkfs.ext3 |
Same as mke2fs, create an ext3 Linux filesystem. |
| mkisofs |
Used to create an ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS hybrid filesystem. |
| mklost+found |
Create a lost+found directory on a mounted ext2 filesystem. |
| mkmanifest |
Makes alist of file names and their DOS 8.3 equivalent. |
| mknod |
Create a FIFO, block (buffered) special file, character (unbuffered) special file with the specified name. |
| mkraid |
Used to setup RAID device arrays. |
| mkswap |
Set up a Linux swap area. |
| mktemp |
Create a temporary file or directory. |
| mlabel |
Make an MD-DOS volume label. |
| mmd |
Make an MS-DOS subdirectory. |
| mmount |
Mount an MS-DOS disk. |
| mmove |
Move or rename an MS-DOS file or subdirectory. |
| mmv |
Mass move and rename files. |
| modinfo |
Show information about a Linux kernel module. |
| modprobe |
Add or remove modules from the Linux kernel. |
| more |
Display content of a file page-by-page. |
| most |
Browse or page through a text file. |
| mount |
Mount a filesystem. |
| mountd |
NFS mount daemon. |
| mpartition |
Used to report processor related statistics. |
| mpstat |
Partition an MS-DOS disk. |
| mpg123 |
Command-line mp3 player. |
| mpg321 |
Similar to mpg123. |
| mrd |
Remove an MS-DOS subdirectory. |
| mren |
Rename an existing MS-DOS file. |
| mshowfat |
Show FTA clusters allocated to a file. |
| mt |
Control magnetic tape drive operation. |
| mtools |
Utilities to access MS-DOS disks. |
| mtoolstest |
Tests and displays the mtools configuration files. |
| mtr |
A network diagnostic tool. |
| mtype |
Display contents of an MS-DOS file. |
| mv |
Move/rename files or directories. |
| mzip |
Change protection mode and eject disk on Zip/Jaz drive. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
N
| Command |
Description |
| named |
Internet domain name server. |
| namei |
Follow a pathname until a terminal point is found. |
| nameif |
Name network interfaces based on MAC addresses. |
| nc |
Netcat utility. Arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens. |
| netstat |
Show network information. |
| newaliases |
Rebuilds mail alias database. |
| newgrp |
Log-in to a new group. |
| newusers |
Update/create new users in batch. |
| nfsd |
Special filesystem for controlling Linux NFS server. |
| nfsstat |
List NFS statistics. |
| nice |
Run a program with modified scheduling priority. |
| nl |
Show numbered line while displaying the contents of a file. |
| nm |
List symbols from object files. |
| nohup |
Run a command immune to hangups. |
| notify-send |
A program to send desktop notifications. |
| nslookup |
Used performs DNS queries. Read this article for more info. |
| nsupdate |
Dynamic DNS update utility. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
O
| Command |
Description |
| objcopy |
Copy and translate object files. |
| objdump |
Display information from object files. |
| od |
Dump files in octal and other formats. |
| op |
Operator access, allows system administrators to grant users access to certain root operations that require superuser privileges. |
| open |
Open a file using its default application. |
| openvt |
Start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT). |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
P
| Command |
Description |
| passwd |
Change user password. |
| paste |
Merge lines of files. Write to standard output, TAB-separated lines consisting of sequentially corresponding lines from each file. |
| patch |
Apply a patchfile (containing differences listing by diff program) to an original file. |
| pathchk |
Check if file names are valid or portable. |
| perl |
Perl 5 language interpreter. |
| pgrep |
List process IDs matching the specified criteria among all the running processes. |
| pidof |
Find process ID of a running program. |
| ping |
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts. |
| pinky |
Lightweight finger. |
| pkill |
Send kill signal to processes based on name and other attributes. |
| pmap |
Report memory map of a process. |
| popd |
Removes directory on the head of the directory stack and takes you to the new directory on the head. |
| portmap |
Converts RPC program numbers to IP port numbers. |
| poweroff |
Shuts down the machine. |
| pppd |
Point-to-point protocol daemon. |
| pr |
Convert (column or paginate) text files for printing. |
| praliases |
Prints the current system mail aliases. |
| printcap |
Printer capability database. |
| printenv |
Show values of all or specified environment variables. |
| printf |
Show arguments formatted according to a specified format. |
| ps |
Report a snapshot of the current processes. |
| ptx |
Produce a permuted index of file contents. |
| pushd |
Appends a given directory name to the head of the stack and then cd to the given directory. |
| pv |
Monitor progress of data through a pipe. |
| pwck |
Verify integrity of password files. |
| pwconv |
Creates shadow from passwd and an optionally existing shadow. |
| pwd |
Show current directory. |
| python |
Computer programming language often used to build websites and software, automate tasks, and conduct data analysis. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
Q
| Command |
Description |
| quota |
Shows disk usage, and space limits for a user or group. Without arguments, only shows user quotas. |
| quotacheck |
Used to scan a file system for disk usage. |
| quotactl |
Make changes to disk quotas. |
| quotaoff |
Enable enforcement of filesystem quotas. |
| quotaon |
Disable enforcement of filesystem quotas. |
| quotastats |
Shows the report of quota system statistics gathered from the kernel. |
⬆ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴏᴩ
R
| Command |
Description |
| raidstart |
Start/stop RAID devices. |
| ram |
RAM disk device used to access the RAM disk in raw mode. |
| ramsize |
Show usage information for the RAM disk. |
| ranlib |
Generate index to the contents of an archive and store it in the archive. |
| rar |
Create and manage RAR file in Linux. |
| rarpd |
Respond to Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) requests. |
| rcp |
Remote copy comman
README truncated. View on GitHub
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