Awesome Zero Knowledge

A curated list of Zero Knowledge links, mostly focusing on blockchain. Check out also our weekly ZK Newsletter!

Index

Introduction
Tutorials
Conferences and workshops
Articles
Projects

* Layer 1 * Layer 2 * Marketplaces * Tools * Whitepapers

Benchmarks
YouTube Clips

* Easy * Blockchain * Code * Math

Podcasts
Books
Pages
Community
Other awesomes

Introduction

Zero Knowledge explained like I am 5! - an easy-to-understand simple explanation of Zero Knowledge.
Zero Knowledge What? An Introduction to Zero Knowledge by University of Stanford - Wikia by University of Stanford, explaining Proof Systems with math.
Zero Knowledge Proof Protocol: Beginner’s Guide by Ayushi Abrol Ayushi Abrol - Beginner's Guide by Ayushi Abrol from Blockchain Council.
Intro to Zero-Knowledge Proofs - short intro to the subject by Ferhat Kochan.
The Complete Full-Stack Guide to Getting Started with Zero-Knowledge Proofs using Circom and ZK-Snarks - Full-Stack Guide for beginners by Tony Olendo.
A Simple Explanation of Zero Knowledge Proofs - Short explanation of the ZKP topic by Hadas Zeilberger.
Understanding Zero-Knowledge Proofs Through the Source Code of Tornado Cash - explanation of the ZKP with an example on Tornado Cash by Laszlo Fazekas.
The Evolution of Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Web3 - description of the ZKP with an example on Manta Network.
ZKP Knowledge Base - knowledge base Wikia by Delendum
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) - article explaining ZKP by Chainlink.
Understanding Zero Knowledge Proofs — A Beginner’s Guide - article introducing ZKP by Marcin Jedral.
Commitment Schemes and Zero-Knowledge Protocols, January 1998 - academic text by Ivan Damgård from Aarhus University.
The Complexity of Zero Knowledge by Harvard University, October 2007 - academic text by Salil Vadhan from Harvard University.
ZKDocs - page with documents explaining zero-knowledge protocols or security of ZKPs.
Zero Knowledge Proofs and ZK-Rollups: Everything You Need to Know - guide to Zero Knowledge Proofs by Coingecko.
What are zero-knowledge proofs? - post explaining ZKPs from Ethereum blog.
What the heck is a Zero-Knowledge Proof, anyway? - a simple explanation of the topic by Preethi Kasireddy.
What Are ZK-Rollups and Optimistic Rollups? - article introducing ZK-Rollups by Lawrence Mike Woriji.
What is Zero Knowledge Proof? A simple explanation - article explaining ZKPs by Piryal Walpita.
What is Zero-knowledge technology? - article introducing ZK by Oak.
What Are Ethereum Rollups? A Step Forward to Scale Ethereum - article shortly explaining Rollups by UniLend Finance.
zk-SNARK Concepts Explained Like You’re 15 - article explaining zk-SNARKs by Jackson Kelley.
What Is Proof of Knowledge? - article explaining what Proof of Knowledge is.
Zero Knowledge 101, 201 and 301 - articles introducing ZK by Pontem Network from March 2023.
Qredo 101s: Just What Exactly Is a Zero-Knowledge Proof? - article by QredoTeam from March 2023.
A guide to Zero Knowledge Proofs - article by Luca Franceschini from April 2023.
Ten Commonly Asked Questions About Zero Knowledge Technology - article by Mina Foundation from April 2023.
An introduction to zero-knowledge machine learning (ZKML) - article introducing ZKML by WorldCoin.
Zero knowledge programming languages - article listing ZK programming languages by Jeffrey Scholz.
Zero-knowledge proofs explained in 3 examples - introduction by Tian Daphne.

Tutorials

Zero Knowledge on Casper - implementing ZK on Casper using risc0.
ZK Machine Learning - A tutorial and demo by Horace Pan, Francis Ho, and Henri Palacci.
Anatomy of a STARK - six-part tutorial about the STARK proof system by Alan Szepieniec.
Libsnark Tutorial - basics of the libsnark software library for creating zk-SNARKs.
RollupNC Tutorial - tutorial how to build RollupNC.
Zero Knowledge Proofs - Zero Knowledge Proofs and how they can be implemented in Quorum.
A Practical Guide To Building Zero Knowledge dApps - tutorial by Kendrick Tan.
Build a zkSNARK-based Battleship Game on Bitcoin - tutorial learning how to build a zkSnark app.
Circom and SnarkJS tutorial - tutorial how to create Zero Knowledge zkSnark circuit.
ZK Learning Resources - materials and demos to learn ZK.
Connect RainbowKit with Mantle Testnet - tutorial discussing the code that imports RainbowKit and WAGMI libraries, and sets up a Mantle Testnet environment using Next.js framework.
Developer's Guide to Application-Specific Elliptic Curves - article from February 2023.
A Developer’s Guide to the zkGalaxy - article from February 2023.
Writing a Zero Knowledge dApp - article from March 2023.
Zero knowledge proof circom circuit to determine whether given input is a factor of 9 or not - tutorial by Piash Tanjin from April 2023.
Building a Zero Knowledge web app with Halo 2 and Wasm - Part 1 and Part 2 - article by Yu Jiang Tham from April 2023.
A Guide To Building Your Web3 Project Proposal: ZK Edition - article by Mina Foundation from May 2023.
Zero knowledge rollup using circom for beginner - tutorial by Victor Yeo from May 2023.
How To Create a ZK Smart Contract - tutorial by Alex Roan from June 2023.
Deploy a Zero-Knowledge Smart Contract - tutorial by John Reynolds from June 2023.
How to Use Zero Knowledge Dapp Boilerplate = tutorial by Pran B from July 2023.

Conferences and workshops

Devcon - Devcon for new Ethereum explorers.
ETHGlobal - list of official Ethereum summits all around the world.
DappCon - a cyclical conference.
Devconnect - a cyclical conference.
ZKProof - a cyclical conference.
zkSummit - a cyclical summit on Zero Knowledge. Recordings from events are available here.
ZK HACK - a virtual events featuring workshops and advanced puzzle-solving competitions. Recordings are available here.
ZKProof Online Workshop - online workshops by ZKProof. Slides from five editions are available on the page.
zkWarsaw Day - an event in Warsaw, Poland.
Korea Blockchain Week - conference week in Seoul, South Korea.

Articles

Zero Knowledge Proofs for Games - article about building and running ZK elements within games by Phil Kelly from January 2023.
JavaScript for Zero-Knowledge Proofs Using SnarkJS! - article about using zk-SNARK in JavaScript projects by Mahdad Kiyani from January 2023.
Living on the edge: Zero Knowledge Human-assisted Machine Learning with Git and Bitcoin Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 - article about zero-knowledge system, built with open-source tools such as Git and Bitcoin by Lloyd E. from December 2022 and January 2023.
STARKs, part 1, part 2, part 3 - STARKs explained by Vitalik Buterin from 2017 and 2018.
Hunting For SNARKs - article about understanding zk-SNARKs by Dylan Amadán from December 2022.
From AIRs to RAPs - how PLONK-style arithmetization works - article about leveraging the type of arithmetization used in PLONK by Aztec.
How the Coming Privacy Layer Will Fix the Broken Web - article about privacy layer by Howard Lu.
Everything you need to know about ZK-Rollups Part 1, Part 2 article explaining ZK-Rollups by math and on examples from December 2022.
Web3 Accelerator ScalingX Launches Incubation Program to Boost Zero-knowledge Technology Adoption - article about incubation program by ScalingX from January 2023.
Understanding PLONK - article explaining PLONK by Vitalik Buterin from September 2019.
The different types of ZK-EVMs - article about ZK-EVMs by Vitalik Buterin from August 2022.
PlonK: Permutations over Lagrange-bases for Oecumenical Noninteractive arguments of Knowledge - academic text about PLONK by Ariel Gabizon, Zachary J. Williamson and Oana Ciobotaru from August 2022.
zkSNARKs in a nutshell -article by Christian Reitwiessner (Ethereum foundation)from December 2016
Plonky2: Fast Recursive Arguments with PLONK and FRI - article by Polygon Zero Team from September 2022.
SNARKs for C: Verifying Program Executions Succinctly and in Zero Knowledge - academic text by Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Daniel Genkin, Eran Tromer, and Madars Virza from October 2013.
Bringing Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Knowledge to Practice - academic text by Endre Bangerter, Stefania Barzan, Stephan Krenn, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, Thomas Schneider, and Joe-Kai Tsay from 2009.
Measuring SNARK performance: Frontends, backends, and the future - article by Justin Thaler from August 2022.
Polygon’s Zero Knowledge Odyssey Part I, Part II, Part III, Part IV and Part V - 5 parts of 6-part series of articles from February 2023. They take a closer look at some of the key acquisitions and developments that have helped shape the future of Polygon using the power of Zero Knowledge (ZK).
Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and ZK-Rollups in Crypto: Everything You Need to Know - article diving into ZKPs and Zk-Rollups by Daffa Zaky.
An introduction of zk-merkle-tree, a JavaScript library for anonymous voting on Ethereum using zkSNARK - article about zk-merkle-tree library by Laszlo Fazekas from January 2023.
Wasm0 (ZKWasm): A New Blockchain Environment for Mass Adoption - article by ZKWasm from February 2023.
The halo 2 Book - documentation of halo2 - one of zk-projects.
Demystifying recursive zero-knowledge proofs - article explaining ZKP on examples by Simon Masson from July 2021.
Short-lived zero-knowledge proofs and signatures - academic text by Arasu Arun, Joseph Bonneau, and Jeremy Clark from January 2023.
Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin - academic text by Ian Miers, Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Aviel D. Rubin from 2013.
Zero Knowledge Proof: Interactive vs. Non-Interactive - article comparing interactive and non-interactive ZKPs by NFTing from February 2023.
Zero-Knowledge Rollup — Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 - article about ZKRollups with code examples by Kushagra Jindal from February 2023.
How to Design a Compliant, Privacy-Preserving Fiat Stablecoin via Zero-Knowledge Proofs - article by Jonas Gross, Johannes Sedlmeir, Simon Seiter from February 2023.
Scaling The Ethereum Using Rollups-Layer 2 - article by Sumi Maria Abraham from February 2023.
Quadratic Arithmetic Programs: from Zero to Hero - article explaining what zk-SNARKs are and what they do by Vitalik Buterin from December 2016.
Visualizing Efficient Merkle Trees for Zero-Knowledge Proofs - article about efficient merkletrees ZKPs by Kendrick Tan.
On-Chain Trusted Setup Ceremony - article about trusted setup ceremony by Valeria Nikolaenko and Sam Ragsdale from September 2022.
Probabilistically checkable proof - Wikipedia page explaining what probabilistically checkable proof (PCP) is.
A Guide to Understanding Trusted Setups - guide by Panther Team from September 2022.
EVM at Risc0 - article by Maciej Zieliński from February 2023.
ZKPs in Web 3: Now and the Future - article by Mohamed Fouda from November 2022.
Hardware Acceleration for Zero Knowledge Proofs - article by Georgios Konstantopoulos from April 2022.
What Are the Different Types of zkEVMs? - article by Sino Global Capital from January 2023.
Quadratic Span Programs and Succinct NIZKs without PCPs - academic text by Rosario Gennaro, Craig Gentry, Bryan Parno and Mariana Raykova from 2012.
Let’s dissect a zkSNARK! part 1, part 2 and part 3 - article explaining ZKSnarks by Yu Jiang Tham from February 2023.
State Proofs: Making Smart Contracts Smarter - article about State Proofs by Amber Group from February 2023.
Navigating the ZK ecosystem: A taxonomy. - article by public goods society from February 2023.
Removing the need for trust - article by Richard Chen from February 2023.
A Developer’s Guide to the zkGalaxy - article by Ryan Sproule from February 2023.
PLONK by Hand - part 1, part 2 and part 3 - an article deeply explaining PLONK from September and October 2020.
zkEVM Explained. What It Is and Why It Matters - article by ChangeHero from February 2023.
Zero Knowledge Proofs: Unlocking the Potential of Blockchain Technology - article by GeniiData from February 2023.
[[Rollup Series] Part 1: Scroll, the Dream of a Native zkEVM](https://medium.com/a41-ventures/rollup-series-part-1-scroll-the-dream-of-a-native-zkevm-d02a7d1bd45c) and Part 2: Classification of zkEVMs and Taiko - series of articles by 100y from February 2023 and March 2023.
Firmly bullish on Ethereum zkRollups, even if the bear market bottom is not yet reached - article by Frederick Kang from February 2023.
What is the Sum-Check Protocol of Zero Knowledge Proof - article by FoxTech from February 2023.
Use of zk-SNARKs inside Blockchain Infrastructure - article by Jakub Strnad from February 2023.
[Zero-Knowledge Proof for Privacy over Ethereum: Permutations over Lagrange-Bases for Oecumenical Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge (PLONK) [step-by-step] (Part 1)](https://medium.com/@iamagnix/zero-knowledge-proof-for-privacy-over-ethereum-permutations-over-lagrange-bases-for-oecumenical-dc7838e0bc8b) - article by Agnish Gnosh from February 2023.
Overview of Modern SNARK Constructions - part 1 and part 2 - an article with overview of modern SNARK constructions from January and February 2023.
[[ZK] Part 1: ZK-Proofs](https://medium.com/@encodinglabs/zk-part-1-zk-proofs-d91815d89b93), Part 2: ZK-SNARK Generation, Part 3: zkEVM and Part 4: Guide to zkEVM - article covering the basic principles of zk-proofs by Encoding Labs from May 2023.
ZK Cross-chain Message Protocol: Secure, Cheap, Foundation of Multichain Dapps - article by un.Block Newsletter from March 2023.
SHARP? SuperChain? Layer-3s? Temporary Rollups? - artivle by Patrick McCorry from March 2023.
Unlock the Secrets of ZK-SNARKs - article about ZK-Snarks by My Brandt from March 2023.
The ZK Cross-chain Message Protocol and How it Paves a New Way of Cross-chain Communication - article by Glaze from March 2023.
Applying Zero Knowledge Cryptography in the Mobility Industry - article by ConsenSys Mesh from March 2023.
ZKPs: The Ultimate Shield for Your Privacy in Web3 — A beginner’s introduction to the Future of Privacy-Preserving Technology — Bits By Blocks - article by Ashwin Yardi from March 2023.
How to Leverage ZKPs as a Web3 Builder - article by Mohamed Fouda from March 2023.
Throne of ZK: SNARK vs STARK - article by Kido Kim from March 2023.
What is zkEVM: Things You Need to Know About The Future of Dapps — Bits By Blocks - article by Ashwin Yardi from March 2023.
What is ZK Rollup? Advantages, limitations of Zk Rollup and prominent projects - article by Optimus Finance from March 2023.
Qredo Labs: Home of Our Big Bold Bets - article by QredoTeam from March 2023.
How will Ethereum's multi-client philosophy interact with ZK-EVMs? - article by Vitalik Buterin from March 2023.
eSTARK: Extending STARKs with Arguments - article by Héctor Masip-Ardevol, Marc Guzmán-Albiol, Jordi Baylina-Melé and Jose Luis Muñoz-Tapia from April 2023.
Why calculating your public key is hard in ZK-Snarks? - article by Rishotics from April 2023.
The Surprising Efficiency of Zero Knowledge Proofs in Logistics - article by Zuhayr Reaz from April 2023.
Open-sourcing zkml: Trustless Machine Learning for All - article by Daniel Kang from April 2023.
Introducing zkTree: a zk recursion tree with ZKP membership proofs - article by Polymer Labs from April 2023.
Checks and balances: Machine learning and zero-knowledge proofs - article by Elena Burger from April 2023.
On Scalability, Transparency and Argument of Knowledge: ZK-STARK - article by Krinza Momin from April 2023.
What are ZK-SNARKs and how they work - article by Lisa A. and Aleksei Vambol from April 2023.
Automated Detection of Underconstrained Circuits for Zero-Knowledge Proofs - academic text by Shankara Pailoor, Yanju Chen, Franklyn Wang, Clara Rodríguez, Jacob Van Gaffen, Jason Morton, Michael Chu, Brian Gu, Yu Feng and Isil Dillig from April 2023.
Bridging the Gap: How ZK-SNARKs Bring Transparency to Private ML Models with zkml - article by Daniel Kang from April 2023.
Transforming the Future with Zero-Knowledge Proofs, Fully Homomorphic Encryption and new Distributed Systems algorithms - article by Not a Monad from April 2023.
Zero Knowledge IoT - How the Baseline Protocol Can Secure the Edge of Networks - article by ConsenSys Mesh from April 2023.
Zero-knowledge Proof; IZKs, NIZKs, SNARKS, STARKS - article by Mayowa Olatunji from April 2023.
Empowering Users to Verify Twitter’s Algorithmic Integrity with zkml - article by Daniel Kang from April 2023.
Certifying Zero-Knowledge Circuits with Refinement Types - academic text by Junrui Liu, Ian Kretz, Hanzhi Liu, Bryan Tan, Jonathan Wang, Yi Sun, Luke Pearson, Anders Miltner, Işıl Dillig and Yu Feng from April 2023.
Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Voting - article by Florian Kluge and Phil Kelly from April 2023.
Here’s how Ethereum’s ZK-rollups can become interoperable - article by Andrew Fenton from April 2023.
Breaking Down Recursive ZK-STARKs - article by Lev Menshchikov from April 2023.
Accelerating Zero-Knowledge Proofs - article by Figment Capital from April 2023.
All you wanted to know about Plonk - article by Not A Monad from May 2023.
ZK, AI, ZKML: Disruptive Technologies & Real-Life Use-Cases - article by Gaylord Warner from May 2023.
Building zk-SNARKs (volume 1), volume 2 and volume 3 - article by Ramsès Fernàndez-València from May 2023.
Benchmarking ZK-Circuits in Circom - academic text by Sanjay Gollapudi and Colin Steidtmann from May 2023.
Zero Knowledge Blockchain Bridge - article by Victor Yeo from May 2023.
zkML: Evolving the Intelligence of Smart Contracts Through Zero-Knowledge Cryptography - article by Justin McAfee from May 2023.
Zero-Knowledge Proofs from the Action Subgraph - academic text by Giacomo Borin, Edoardo Persichetti and Paolo Santini from May 2023.
Exploring zk-SNARKs: Privacy, Efficiency, and Vitalik Buterin’s Perspective - article by ZKWasm from May 2023.
ZK EVM: Revolutionizing Ethereum’s Scalability and Privacy with Zero-Knowledge Proofs - article by Hari Pandey from May 2023.
Bounded Verification for Finite-Field-Blasting (In a Compiler for Zero Knowledge Proofs) - academic text by Alex Ozdemir, Riad S. Wahby, Fraser Brown and Clark Barrett from May 2023.
ZK programmability adds a whole new layer to worry about - article by David Wong from May 2023.
Do in secret. Assert in public. Don't under-constrain your prover's witness computation in ZK programs - article by Brandon Kase from June 2023.
ZK app developers should be able to see down to the constraints - article by David Wong from June 2023.
SoK: Vector OLE-Based Zero-Knowledge Protocols - academic text by Carsten Baum, Samuel Dittmer, Peter Scholl and Xiao Wang from June 2023.
What are Verkle Trees & KZG Commitments, and could they be applied on Bitcoin? - article by Shymaa Arafat from June 2023.
Why is there a need to construct ZKEVM? - article by Jeremy from Rootz Labs from June 2023.
zkSaaS: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs as a Service - academic text by Sanjam Garg, Aarushi Goel, Abhishek Jain, Guru-Vamsi Policharla and Sruthi Sekar from June 2023.
Fighting AI-generated Audio with Attested Microphones and ZK-SNARKs: the Attested Audio Experiment - article by Daniel Kang, Kobi Gurkan, and Anna Rose from June 2023.
Private Neural Network using Zero-Knowledge Proofs during Inference - article by José Angel Contreras from June 2023.
A Hackers Guide to Layer 2: Zero Merkle Trees from Scratch - article by Carter Feldman from June 2023.
Nova based folding of verifiable AI(ZKML) circuits - article by Rishabh Gupta from June 2023.
How Zero-knowledge Proofs will be Empowered by Bitcoin - article by Bing Ventures from June 2023.
Exploring Developer Experience on ZKRUs: An In-Depth Analysis - article by Glaze from June 2023.
VSS from Distributed ZK Proofs and Applications - academic text by Shahla Atapoor, Karim Baghery, Daniele Cozzo and Robi Pedersen from June 2023.
Publicly Verifiable Zero-Knowledge and Post-Quantum Signatures From VOLE-in-the-Head - academic text by Carsten Baum, Lennart Braun, Cyprien Delpech de Saint Guilhem, Michael Klooß, Emmanuela Orsini, Lawrence Roy and Peter Scholl from June 2023.
The Power of Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Blockchain-based Voting System - article by Marvelous Akpere from June 2023.
Decentralized Proving, Proof Markets, and ZK Infrastructure - article by Figment Capital from June 2023.
Zero-Knowledge proofs for Blockchain scalling (pt. 1) - article by Ruslan Gilemzyanov from June 2023.
Zero Knowledge Proofs: Empowering the Future of Data Privacy and Scalable Infrastructure, Part 1 - article by Syed Armani from July 2023.
A pessimistic future for optimistic rollups - article by Carter Feldman from July 2023.
The zero-knowledge attack of the year might just have happened, or how Nova got broken - article by David Wong from July 2023.
Implementation and performance of a RLWE-based commitment scheme and ZKPoK for its linear and multiplicative relations - academic text by Ramiro Martínez, Paz Morillo and Sergi Rovira from July 2023.
Hash Functions Monolith for ZK Applications: May the Speed of SHA-3 be With You - academic text by Lorenzo Grassi, Dmitry Khovratovich, Reinhard Lüftenegger, Christian Rechberger, Markus Schofnegger and Roman Walch from July 2023.
Automated Analysis of Halo2 Circuits - academic text by Fatemeh Heidari Soureshjani, Mathias Hall-Andersen, MohammadMahdi Jahanara, Jeffrey Kam, Jan Gorzny, Mohsen Ahmadvand from July 2023.
Guide on guides on Zero-knowledge proofs - article by Bogdan Grehovodov from July 2023.
LinkG16 and Its Role in zk-creds - article by John Reynolds from July 2023.
Fiat-Shamir Security of FRI and Related SNARKs - academic text by lexander R. Block1, Albert Garreta, Jonathan Katz, Justin Thaler, Pratyush Ranjan Tiwari and Michał Zając from July 2023.
Converting Algebraic Circuits to R1CS (Rank One Constraint System) - article by Jeffrey Scholz from July 2023.
Cross-chain communication exploration – rollups’ vision - article by Lisa A from July 2023.
17 misconceptions about SNARKs (and why they hold us back) - article by Justin Thaler from July 2023.
Cycles of curves: what are they and do we need them? - article ny Wyatt Benno from July 2023.
Moving the Real World to web3 With zk-Oracle - article by talhauns96 from July 2023.
Zero-Knowledge Proofs Unveiled: From Theory to Practice with Aleo. Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 6 and Chapter 7, Chapter 7 - series of articles by Illy’s Web3 blog from June and July 2023.
Uncover the mystery of ZKML — Part 1 and Part 2 - series of articles by Rootz Lab from June and July 2023.
Algebraic Attacks on RAIN and AIM Using Equivalent Representations - academic text by Fukang Liu and Mohammad Mahzoun from July 2023.
Instant Zero Knowledge Proof of Reserve - academic text by Xiang Fu from July 2023.
zkDL: Efficient Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Deep Learning Training - academic text by Haochen Sun and Hongyang Zhang from July 2023.
ZK Bridges: Empowering the Cross-Chain World with Zero Knowledge Proofs - article by ScalingX from July 2023.
A Primer for the Zero-Knowledge Cryptography: Part II - article by Rabia Fatima from August 2023.
Pianist: Scalable zkRollups via Fully Distributed Zero-Knowledge Proofs - academic text by Tianyi Liu, Tiancheng Xie, Jiaheng Zhang, Dawn Song and Yupeng Zhang from August 2023.
Finding Orientations of Supersingular Elliptic Curves and Quaternion Orders - acdemic text by Sarah Arpin, James Clements, Pierrick Dartois, Jonathan Komada Eriksen, Péter Kutas, and Benjamin Wesolowski from August 2023.
Inner Product Argument (IPA) and a Polynomial Commitment Scheme - article by LambdaClass from August 2023.
Detecting boomerang values in zero-knowledge circuits using tag analysis - article by zksecurity from August 2023.
Building a Zero Knowledge Proof from an R1CS - article by Jeffrey Scholz from August 2023.
Elliptic Curve Point Addition - article by Jeffrey Scholz from September 2023.
Maths & Logic for Zero-knowledge Proofs (simplified) — Part 3 - article by Biswashree Dey from September 2023.
Why multi-prover matters. SGX as a possible solution. - article by Lisa A. and Brecht from September 2023.
Secrets, and how to prove them: A magician’s guide to zero-knowledge proofs - article by Michael Blau from September 2023.
Boosting the Performance of High-Assurance Cryptography: Parallel Execution and Optimizing Memory Access in Formally-Verified Line-Point Zero-Knowledge - academic text by Vitor Pereira, Stéphane Graham-Lengrand, Karim Eldefrawy, Steve Lu, Samuel Dittmer and Rafail Ostrovsky from September 2023.
Experimenting with Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Training - academic text by Sanjam Garg, Aarushi Goel, Somesh Jha, Saeed Mahloujifar, Mohammad Mahmoody, Guru-Vamsi Policharla and Mingyuan Wang from September 2023.
ZK + PARTH: An Architecture for Building Horizontally Scalable Blockchains - article by Carter Jack Feldman from September 2023.
The Promise and Potential of LLM in Crypto - article by Glaze from September 2023.
Under the hood of zkSNARK Groth16 protocol - part 1, part 2, part 3 and part 4, part 5 and part 6 - article by Crypto Fairy from September 2023.
R1CS to Quadratic Arithmetic Program over a Finite Field in Python - article by Jeffrey Scholz from September 2023.
Improving Privacy of Anonymous Proof-of-Stake Protocols - academic text by Shichen Wu, Zhiying Song, Puwen Wei, Peng Tang and Quan Yuan from September 2023.
Application of Mordell-Weil lattices with large kissing numbers to acceleration of multi-scalar multiplication on elliptic curves - academic text by Dmitrii Koshelev from September 2023.
Elliptic Curves over Finite Field - article by Jeffrey Scholz from September 2023.
TensorPlonk: A “GPU” for ZKML, Delivering 1,000x Speedups - article by Suppakit Waiwitlikhit and Daniel Kang from September 2023.
ZK-EVM types: Ethereum-equivalent, EVM-equivalent, Type 1, Type 4, and other cryptic buzzwords - article by Lisa A. from September 2023.
The Cross-Domain Thesis Part 2: Storage Proofs, Computation, and Bloat - article by Maven11 Research from October 2023.
Groth16 Explained - article by Jeffrey Scholz from August 2023.
Track 1: Upshot’s ZKML Price Predictor - article by Modulus from November 2023.
Under the hood of zkSNARKs — PLONK protocol: part 5 - article by Crypto Fairy from November 2023.
Fast and Designated-verifier Friendly zkSNARKs in the BPK Model - academic text by Xudong Zhu, Xuyang Song and Yi Deng from November 2023.
BabySpartan: Lasso-based SNARK for non-uniform computation - academic text by Srinath Setty and Justin Thaler. (24.11.2023)
Secure and Verifiable Data Collaboration with Low-Cost Zero-Knowledge Proofs - academic text by Yizheng Zhu, Yuncheng Wu, Zhaojing Luo, Beng Chin Ooi and Xiaokui Xiao from November 2023.
Beyond MPC-in-the-Head: Black-Box Constructions of Short Zero-Knowledge Proofs - academic text by Carmit Hazay, Muthuramakrishnan Venkitasubramaniam and Mor Weiss from November 2023.
Demystifying ZKML - article by Vid Kersic from November 2023.
Is Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning (zkML) Legit? - article by Matt Pan from December 2023.
Recursive zkSNARK Proof as a Private Input - What Is Visible To The Verifier? - article by Illya Gerasymchuk from December 2023.
Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex Proofs - academic text by Sebastian Angel, Eleftherios Ioannids, Elizabeth Margolin, Srinath Setty and Jess Woods from December 2023.
Homomorphic Encryption: A Scalable Solution for Privacy, Security and Compliance On-Chain - article by Trireme Trading from December 2023.
A Multiparty Commutative Hashing Protocol based on the Discrete Logarithm Problem - academic text by Daniel Zentai, Mihail Plesa and Robin Frot from December 2023.
What might an “enshrined ZK-EVM” look like? - blog post by Vitalik Buterin from December 2023.
ZKPs, FHE, MPC: Managing Private State in Blockchains - article by Mohamed Fouda from December 2023.
Towards a zk-SNARK compiler for Wolfram language - academic text by Armando Cruz from January 2024.
Zero-Knowledge Proof in NuLink - academic text by Pawn, Rookie and Zhuan Cheng from January 2024.
How to Implement a Minimalist NFT zkRollup - article by Laszlo Fazekas from January 2024.
Experimental Implementation of A Quantum Zero-Knowledge Proof for User Authentication - academic text by Marta I. Garcia-Cid, Dileepsai Bodanapu, Alberto Gatto, Paolo Martelli, Vicente Martin, Laura Ortiz from January 2024.
Tree-based Lookup Table on Batched Encrypted Queries using Homomorphic Encryption - academic text by Jung Hee Cheon, Hyeongmin Choe and Jai Hyun Park from January 2024.
Trust the Process: Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning to Enhance Trust in Generative AI Interactions - academic text by Bianca-Mihaela Ganescu and Jonathan Passerat-Palmbach from February 2024.
Helium: Scalable MPC among Lightweight Participants and under Churn - academic text by Christian Mouchet, Sylvain Chatel, Apostolos Pyrgelis and Carmela Troncoso from February 2024.
General Adversary Structures in Byzantine Agreement and Multi-Party Computation with Active and Omission Corruption - academic text by Konstantinos Brazitikos and Vassilis Zikas from February 2024.
Application-Aware Approximate Homomorphic Encryption: Configuring FHE for Practical Use - academic text by Andreea Alexandru, Ahmad Al Badawi, Daniele Micciancio and Yuriy Polyakov from February 2024.
A New Approach for Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge from Learning with Errors - academic text by Brent Waters from February 2024.
Parallel Zero-knowledge Virtual Machine - academic text by Wenqing Hu, Tianyi Liu, Ye Zhang, Yuncong Zhang and Zhenfei Zhang from March 2024.
Mangrove: A Scalable Framework for Folding-based SNARKs - academic text by Wilson Nguyen, Trisha Datta, Binyi Chen, Nirvan Tyagi and Dan Boneh from March 2024.
Watermarkable and Zero-Knowledge Verifiable Delay Functions from any Proof of Exponentiation - academic text by Charlotte Hoffmann and Krzysztof Pietrzak from March 2024.
Folding-based zkLLM - academic text by Wilbert W from March 2024.

Projects

Projects that are using ZK-technology.

Layer 1

Mina - layer one protocol designed to deliver on the original promise of blockchain — true decentralization, scale and security.
Ziesha Network - layer-1 cryptocurrency which uses Zero Knowledge proofs as the back-end of its smart-contracts, focusing on a more scalable (Yet maintainable) blockchain by compressing transactions through zkRollup-like circuits.
Dusk Network - layer-1 blockchain protocol capable of powering privacy-preserving smart contracts that satisfy business compliance criteria.

Layer 2

Coingecko - list of top Zero Knowledge Coins by Coingecko.
zkSync - zkSync is a scaling and privacy engine for Ethereum.
dYdX - dYdX aims to build a powerful and professional exchange for trading crypto assets where users can truly own their trades and, eventually, the exchange itself.
Stark.net - StarkWare is building StarkNet, a decentralized, permissionless, and censorship-resistant STARK-powered L2 ZK-Rollup that supports general computation over Ethereum. It is based on the Turing-complete Cairo language.
Eigen Layer - Eigen layer is a general-purpose marketplace for decentralized trust, which is built on Ethereum, the largest programmable decentralized trust network, and unbundles the trust layer of Ethereum so components of the trust network can be reused for other purposes.
Scroll.io - Scroll is a zkEVM-based zkRollup on Ethereum that enables native compatibility for existing Ethereum applications and tools.
Loopring - Loopring's zkRollup L2 solution aims to offer the same security guarantees as Ethereum mainnet, with a big scalability boost: throughput increased by 1000x, and cost reduced to just 0.1% of L1.
Mantle - Ethereum layer-2 network built with modular architecture delivering low fees and high security.
ZKSpace - The ZKSpace platform consists of three main parts: a Layer 2 AMM DEX utilizing ZK-Rollups technology ZKSwap v3, a payment service called ZKSquare, an NFT marketplace called ZKSea.
Aztec Connect - Aztec Connect is an open-source layer 2 network that aims to bring scalability and privacy to Ethereum.
Polygon - Polygon is a Layer 2 scaling solution that achieves scale by utilizing sidechains for off-chain computation, while ensuring asset security and decentralization through Proof-of-Stake (PoS) validators.
Arbitrum Nova - Arbitrum Nova is a suite of Ethereum scaling solutions that enable high-throughput, low-cost smart contracts while remaining trustlessly secure.

Marketplaces

zkPoD - decentralized platform for data exchange between untrusted parties realizing "Payment on Delivery" without any trusted third party.
Ruby Protocol - private data management framework for Web 3.0.
Modulo Zero - on-chain solution for private data exchange.
Qredo - The Qredo Network is an institutional-grade clearing and settlement network for digital assets.

Tools

Taiko - Taiko is a fully decentralized, Ethereum-equivalent ZK-Rollup (a Type 1 ZK-EVM).
Risc Zero ZKEVM - an open-source, zero-knowledge virtual machine that lets building trustless, verifiable software.
Horizen - the zero-knowledge enabled network of blockchains.
Axiom - ZK coprocessor for Ethereum which provides smart contracts trustless access to all on-chain data and arbitrary expressive compute over it.
Sovereign - an ecosystem of seamlessly interoperable and scalable rollups that can run on any blockchain.
Hyper Oracle - Hyper Oracle is a programmable zkOracle network that safeguards blockchain security and decentralization.
QED - zk-Native blockchain protocol.
ZoKrates - a toolbox for zkSNARKs on Ethereum.
Circom - zkSnark circuit compiler.
Snarkjs - zkSNARK implementation in JavaScript & WASM.
Winterfell - a STARK prover and verifier for arbitrary computations.
zkWASM - the crucial part which served as a trustless adopter between the rich application running on WASM runtime and smart contracts on various blockchains.
zkLLVM Circuit Compiler - compiler from high-level programming languages into an input for provable computations protocols.
Arkwork - a Rust ecosystem for zkSNARK programming.
Py_plonk - simple python implementation of the PLONK protocol.
EthSnarks - a collection of zkSNARK circuits and supporting libraries to use them with Ethereum smart contracts.
Fusion - Ethereum zkRollup written in Rust and focuses on performance, modularity, and applying Verifiable Computation proof systems.