CRusTTY

A pedagogical C interpreter with time-travel debugging capabilities, built in Rust with a terminal-based UI.

Overview

CRusTTY is an educational tool for understanding C program execution. It provides:

• Interactive Execution: Step through C code line by line
• Time-Travel Debugging: Step backward and forward through execution history
• Memory Visualization: Real-time view of stack and heap memory
• Terminal Output: See printf output as your program runs

Features

Supported C Subset

• Data Types: int, char, void, structs, pointers, arrays
• Control Flow: if/else, while, for, do-while, switch/case
• Operators: Arithmetic, logical, bitwise, comparison, ternary
• Memory: Stack-based local variables, dynamic heap allocation via malloc/free
• Built-ins: printf and scanf (with format specifiers), malloc, free, sizeof

TUI Interface

The terminal interface provides multiple panes:

• Source Code: Syntax-highlighted C code with execution line indicator
• Stack: Call stack with local variables and their values
• Heap: Dynamic memory allocations with type information
• Terminal: Output from printf and input prompts from scanf
• Status Bar: Keybindings and execution state

Keybindings

• n / Space: Step forward
• b: Step backward
• c: Continue execution
• r: Restart program
• q: Quit
• esc: Exit input mode (in scanf input prompt)
• Arrow keys: Navigate through stack/heap panes

Quick Start

Precompiled binaries for the following platforms will be available in the releases section of the GitHub repository:

• Windows (x86_64 and ARM)
• macOS (x86_64 and ARM)
• Linux (x86_64 and ARM)

Download the appropriate binary (.zip) for your platform, extract it, and add the directory containing the binary to your PATH.

Usage

crustty <source.c | example_name>

Examples:

# Run the bundled comprehensive example (features demo)
crustty default
Run your own C file
crustty path/to/your/file.c

Installation From Source

Prerequisites

• Rust toolchain (1.70 or later)
• Terminal with Unicode and color support

Building

cargo build --release

The binary will be available at target/release/crustty.

Project Structure

The codebase is organized into focused modules for maintainability:

src/
├── main.rs                     # Entry point and CLI argument handling
├── lib.rs                      # Library root and public API
│
├── parser/                     # C parser (source → AST)
│   ├── mod.rs                  # Module overview
│   ├── lexer.rs                # Tokenizer: source text → Token stream
│   ├── parse.rs                # Parser entry point (Parser struct)
│   ├── declarations.rs         # Struct/function declaration parsing
│   ├── statements.rs           # Statement parsing
│   ├── expressions.rs          # Expression parsing with precedence climbing
│   └── ast.rs                  # AST node type definitions
│
├── interpreter/                # C interpreter (AST → execution)
│   ├── mod.rs                  # Module overview and execution model docs
│   ├── engine.rs               # Interpreter struct, run(), rewind(), snapshots
│   ├── statements.rs           # Statement dispatch (if, while, decl, …)
│   ├── expressions.rs          # Expression evaluation (largest file)
│   ├── builtins.rs             # Built-in functions (printf, scanf, malloc, free)
│   ├── type_system.rs          # Type inference helpers
│   ├── loops.rs                # while / do-while / for loop execution
│   ├── jumps.rs                # return / switch execution
│   ├── heap_serial.rs          # Value ↔ heap byte serialization
│   ├── errors.rs               # RuntimeError enum
│   ├── constants.rs            # Address-space constants
│   └── ops/                    # Operator implementations (impl Interpreter)
│       ├── mod.rs              # Submodule declarations
│       ├── binary.rs           # Arithmetic, comparison, bitwise, compound-assign
│       ├── unary.rs            # Negation, NOT, increment/decrement
│       ├── assign.rs           # Assignment to lvalues
│       ├── access.rs           # Reading lvalues and resolving addresses
│       └── structs.rs          # Struct initialization and field-offset helpers
│
├── memory/                     # Runtime memory model
│   ├── mod.rs                  # sizeof, pointer arithmetic helpers
│   ├── stack.rs                # Call frames and local variables
│   ├── heap.rs                 # First-fit heap allocator
│   └── value.rs                # Value enum (Int, Char, Pointer, Struct, …)
│
├── snapshot/                   # Time-travel debugging
│   └── mod.rs                  # Snapshot, SnapshotManager, MockTerminal
│
└── ui/                         # Terminal UI (ratatui + crossterm)
    ├── mod.rs                  # Module re-exports
    ├── app.rs                  # App struct, event loop, pane focus, scanf input
    ├── theme.rs                # Color palette (DEFAULT_THEME)
    └── panes/                  # Stateless pane render functions
        ├── mod.rs              # Re-exports for all pane modules
        ├── source.rs           # Syntax-highlighted source code pane
        ├── stack.rs            # Call stack visualization pane
        ├── heap.rs             # Heap block visualization pane
        ├── terminal.rs         # printf / scanf terminal output pane
        ├── status.rs           # Status bar (keybindings, step counter)
        └── utils/              # Shared rendering helpers
            ├── mod.rs          # Re-exports from submodules
            ├── formatting.rs   # Value/address formatting
            ├── memory.rs       # Stack/heap data extraction helpers
            └── rendering.rs    # Low-level ratatui span/line builders

Architecture

Parser

Hand-written recursive descent parser with:

• Precedence climbing for binary operators
• Comprehensive error reporting with source locations
• Full AST representation of program structure

Interpreter

Executes the AST with:

• Stack-based execution with call frames
• Heap memory allocator with block tracking
• Snapshot system capturing execution state after each statement
• Specific error types for clear diagnostics

The interpreter code is split across focused submodules: engine.rs owns the core loop and public API; operator evaluation lives under ops/; loop control flow in loops.rs; jump-style control flow (return, switch) in jumps.rs; and heap serialization in heap_serial.rs.

Memory Model

• Stack: Local variables, function parameters, return addresses

- Address space: 0x0000_0004 and up (sequential variable IDs per frame)

• Heap: Dynamic allocations via malloc

- Address space: 0x7fff_0000 and up - First-fit allocation strategy

The two regions occupy non-overlapping address ranges so the TUI can distinguish stack and heap pointers without type annotation, and pointer arithmetic can be range-checked cheaply.

Time-Travel Debugging

The interpreter maintains a history of execution snapshots, each containing:

• Complete stack state
• Complete heap state
• Terminal output
• Current source location

This enables stepping backward through execution to any previous point.

Performance Optimizations

Recent optimizations include:

• Inline Hints: Hot-path functions marked with #[inline]
• Field Caching: Struct field offsets cached to avoid recomputation
• Fast Hashing: FxHashMap used for non-cryptographic hashing needs

Development

Running Tests

# Unit tests
cargo test --lib
Integration tests
cargo test --test '*'
All tests
cargo test

Code Quality

# Format code
cargo fmt
Run linter
cargo clippy -- -D warnings
Check build
cargo check

Configuration Files

• rustfmt.toml: Code formatting rules
• Cargo.toml: Dependencies and build configuration

Limitations

This is NOT a production C interpreter:

• Subset of C (no preprocessor, typedefs, unions, enums, function pointers)
• No optimization or JIT compilation
• Limited standard library (only built-in functions)
• No file I/O or external system interaction
• Fixed memory sizes

License

MIT License. See LICENSE.md file for details.