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#cryptocurrency #ethereum #security #smart-contract-audit #solidity

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Solidity 100.0%

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README

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Smart Contract Auditing, Assembly, Security, and DeFi Ultimate Course

Level up your career as a smart contract auditor writing secure and optimized smart contracts.

[![Stargazers][stars-shield]][stars-url] [![Forks][forks-shield]][forks-url] [![Contributors][contributors-shield]][contributors-url] [![Issues][issues-shield]][issues-url] [![MIT License][license-shield]][license-url]

And The Red Guild

Welcome to the repository for the Ultimate Smart Contract Auditing, Assembly, Security, and DeFi Course by Cyfrin Updraft and The Red Guild!

[IMPORTANT!]

Course Link: https://updraft.cyfrin.io/courses/security

This repository houses the written content of our courses, organized to facilitate easy access and contribution from our community. Please refer to this for an in-depth explanation of the content:

Website - Join Cyfrin Updraft and enjoy 50+ hours of smart contract development courses
Twitter - Stay updated with the latest course releases
LinkedIn - Add Updraft to your learning experiences
Discord - Join a community of 3000+ developers and auditors
Newsletter - Weekly security research tips and resources to level up your career
Codehawks - Smart contracts auditing competitions to help securing web3

Introduction, Resources, and Prerequisites

Head over to the Cyfrin Updraft website to get the best learning experience!

Link to course: https://updraft.cyfrin.io/courses/security

⚠️ All code associated with this course is for demo purposes only. They have been audited, but we do not recommend them for production use and should be used at your own risk.

Resources For This Course

Join Cyfrin Updraft for the best learning experience!

AI Frens

- ChatGPT - Just know that it will often get things wrong, but it's very fast! - Phind - Like ChatGPT, but it searches the web - Gemini - Other AI extensions - devdacian - ai auditor primers - Collection of prompts to improve LLM performance for smart contracts from cyfrin's lead auditor

Github Discussions

- Ask questions and chat about the course here!

Stack Exchange Ethereum

- Great place for asking technical questions about Ethereum

Peeranha

- Decentralized Stack Exchange!

Cookbook

- A smart contract registry and co-pilot

Exploit Resources

SC Exploits Minimized

Signature Verification

wise-signer

Challenge Contracts Registry

Prerequisites

An intermediate understanding of solidity. You don't need to be a pro, but you should be familiar with:

Blockchain basics (transactions, blocks, decentralization, etc)
Running a smart contract test suite (hardhat, foundry, truffle, etc)
Solidity basics (variables, functions, structs, etc)

Here are some resources to get you up to speed with the prerequisites:

Full Foundry Course: This will give you every single prerequisite
Speed Run Ethereum: This will give you most of what you need. But you’ll need a little extra time on invariant tests, using foundry, and DeFi/OnChain Finance.

Prerequisite tools

Outcome

Have the foundational skills to become a professional smart contract auditor
Speak, interact, and contribute to the web3 security community
Compete in web3 competitive audits
Compete in web3 bug bounties
Start a career as an independent auditor
Become a top 1% smart contract developer

Bonus NFTs

You can find them on zkSync here
It's just numbers 0 -> 8

Important Notes for zkSync

IF YOU DECIDE TO MINT THE REAL NFT:

We didn't audit/security review the NFT, so if you want to make sure you'll be safe, interact with the contract using a burner wallet (a wallet with very little money that you don't use for anything else)

1. In fact... Get good at interacting with wallets from a burner wallet

Read my Tweet thread on basic wallet safety

Bridging to zkSync

We didn't show you how to bring ETH -> zkSync, but the process would be:

1. Buy ETH (On an exchange like Coinbase or Kraken)

Send ETH -> one of your wallets like:

1. Safe (Multi-Sig) 2. Metamask 3. Frame 4. Rainbow 5. Argent 6. Coinbase Wallet

Use the zkSync Bridge

Curriculum

🤗 Section 0: Welcome to the Course

Do not skip this section!

Welcome

Why Web3 Security?

Web3 is important

- Permissionless finance - Unbreakable promises

Web3 security is subpar right now

- Rekt Leaderboard - $1B in 2023 (so far) - Web3 vs Web2 hacks. Web2 is mostly PII theft, where Web3 hacks result in irrevocable losses of funds. - Bad actors in the space. Lone wolf hackers vs. well funded, persistent nation state actors (e.g. NK).

Career opportunities

- Top 1% Developer - Private Audits - Cyfrin - Trail Of Bits - Independent Security Researcher - Competitive Audits - CodeHawks - Code4rena - Bug Bounties - $2.2M Payout - Immunefi - Hats Finance - Future: - Incident Responders - On-chain investigators - More…

Why Web3 is so important

- Rebuild trust in the ecosystem. - Wild West image to the outsiders

Pick a class

The Final Boss Codebase, you'll be able to audit this at the end of this course

Vault Guardians

Best Practices for this course

- Register for Cyfrin Updraft - USE THIS SITE!!! It's specifically made to make learning easier - Follow the repository: While going through the course be 100% certain to follow along with the github repository. If you run into in an issue check the chronological-updates in the repo. - Be Active in the community: Ask questions and engage with other developers going through the course in the discussions tab, be sure to go and say hello or gm! This space is different from the other industries, you don't have to be secretive; communicate, network and learn with others :) - Learn at your own pace: It doesn't matter if it takes you a day, a week, a month or even a year. Progress >>> Perfection - Take Breaks: You will exhaust your mind and recall less if you go all out and watch the entire course in one sitting. Suggested Strategy every 25 minutes take a 5 min break, and every 2 hours take a longer 30 min break - Refer to Documentation: Things are constantly being updated, so whenever Patrick opens up some documentation, open it your end and maybe even have the code sample next to you. - Use ChatGPT and/or the course chat

And finally, by embarking on this journey, you are now a "Security Researcher", not an "Auditor". The key word is "Researcher", so we will go over strategies for continued learning so you can stay on top of your game.

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🎯 Exercise: Write yourself a message about why you want this - This will be important for when things get hard - Is it money? Save web3? Become someone? Write down as many reasons as possible.

Section 0 NFT

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🐸 Section 1: Review (Don't skip)

Tooling & Environment Prerequisites

- VSCode - VSCodium - Foundry - chisel - cast - forge - Windows Users: WSL - AI Helpers - ChatGPT - Phind - Forums & Resources - Ethereum Stack Exchange - Peeranha - Github Discussions

Solidity & Smart Contract Prerequisites

- Remix - Basic smart contracts - forge init

Fuzzing & Stateful Fuzzing (This might be new)

- Fuzz tests - Stateless Fuzzing - Stateful fuzzing - Invariants - Video

Common EIPs/ERCs

- Github Copilot - ERC20s - Video - NFTs (ERC721s) - Video

Advanced Solidity

- storage - Clip from foundry course - Fallback & Receive - Encoding, Call, & Staticcall - Clip from the foundry full course - Encoding.sol - CallAnything.sol - Delegatecall & Proxies - Clip from foundry full course - tx.origin vs msg.sender - Selfdestruct (to be removed in an upcoming fork) - Solidity by example

Advanced Foundry

- mainnet-forking

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🐸 Exercise:

Join the CodeHawks/Cyfrin Discord
Go for a walk, and buckle up

Section 1 NFT

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❓ Section 2: What is a smart contract audit (Security Review)?

What is a security review/smart contract audit?

- High Level Overview - People say "audit" -> security review - There is no silver bullet to auditing, and they have limitations - 3 phases of a security review - Initial Review - 0. Scoping - 1. Reconnaissance - 2. Vulnerability identification - 3. Reporting - Protocol fixes - 1. Fixes issues - 2. Retests and adds tests - Mitigation Review - 1. Reconnaissance - 2. Vulnerability identification - 3. Reporting

Smart Contract Development Life Cycle

- Plan & Design - Develop & Test - Smart Contract Audit & Post Deploy Planning - Is this just one step? - Deploy - Monitor & Maintain

Top Smart Contract Auditors (Subjective!)

- Use this list to reference how top quality security teams do reviews, post reports, do research, etc

Audit Readiness

- Simple Security Checklist - Test suite with code coverage - Fuzzing, Static Analysis - Natspec (especially for external/public functions) - The Rekt Test - ”Code maturity” is important!

Tooling

- Static Analysis - Slither - Aderyn - Fuzzing / Invariant Tests - Foundry - Echidna - Consensys - Formal Verification - Certora - Solidity SMT Checker - Maat - Manticore - AI - Tooling vs Humans

Attacker vs. Defender mindset

Always learning

Top Attack Vectors

Top attack vectors

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📝 Exercise: Sign up for one security/web3 newsletter!

Cyfrin Updraft
Blockchain Threat Intelligence (Referral link)
Solodit (not a newsletter, but has constant updates of new hacks)
rekt

Week In Ethereum (here's why)

Section 2 NFT

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Important Note: We are now going to do audits. Please note, that we will not find all the bugs in each codebase. Each codebase was designed to show you a specific set of bugs, and give you a good understanding of what an audit "feels" like.

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⛳️ Section 3: Your first audit (security review) | PasswordStore Audit

💻 Security Review CodeV1: https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x2ecf6ad327776bf966893c96efb24c9747f6694b

💻 Security Review CodeV2: https://github.com/Cyfrin/3-passwordstore-audit

💻 Security Review CodeV3: https://github.com/Cyfrin/3-passwordstore-audit/tree/onboarded

💻 Security Review Final: https://github.com/Cyfrin/3-passwordstore-audit/tree/audit-data

Feel free to look ahead and try to find the bugs on the codebase yourself, or get familiar with the protocol first.

Remember the phases!

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Initial Review

- 0. Scoping - 1. Reconnaissance - 2. Vulnerability identification - 3. Reporting 🔼🔼🔼🔼🔼🔼🔼🔼🔼🔼

For this demo, we are ignoring the last 2 phases

Protocol fixes

- 1. Fixes issues - 2. Retests and adds tests

Mitigation Review

- 1. Reconnaissance - 2. Vulnerability identification - 3. Reporting

The Setup (Scoping): PasswordStore

V1

- "Hey, here is my link to Etherscan, can I get an audit?" - Coinbase asset listing guide

V2

- Client onboarding: Minimal

V3

- cloc

"The Tincho"

- Read docs - Note taking in-code - Small -> Large - Solidity Metrics - Tincho’s ENS Review

Exploits (Vulnerability Identification)

Exploits: Access Controls

- Missing onlyowner - Access Controls - Unprotected sensitive functions - Role misconfiguration - Privilege escalation

Exploits: Private Data

- Storing a secret (private data is not private)

More Recon

- coverage

Writing your first finding

- Write finding - How to write a good finding - Title: Root Cause + Impact - Finding Layout:

### [S-#] Title (ROOT CAUSE + IMPACT)
Description:
Impact:
Proof of Concept:
Recommended Mitigation:

- Write PoC - Mitigation - Using AI

Are we done?

Your first report (Reporting)

Writing the Report

- Severity Classification - Severity Guide - Basic Markdown Report - Template - Alternative way to generate a PDF report

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🥚 Exercises:

Section 3 NFT

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🐶 Section 4: Manual & Static Analysis | Puppy Raffle Audit

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This is the BEST security review for new auditors, 100% be sure to pay attention to this section.

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This is the go-to best starter audit/security review. There are a lot of bugs in here, some obvious, some not.

💻 Security Review Code: https://github.com/Cyfrin/4-puppy-raffle-audit

Concepts you'll learn: Static analysis, Reentrancy, Weak RNG, Arithmetic issues, How to write a professional looking report.

Tooling: Static Analysis

- Web3 bugs machine vs human - Static Analysis - Slither - Aderyn - cloc - Solidity Metrics (audit estimation) - Solidity Visual Developer

Scoping & Reconnaissance: Puppy Raffle

Exploits: DoS (Denial of service)

- Fixes: - Remove unnecessary loops

Exploits: Reentrancy

- Case Study: DAO Hack - Still plagues us today - Exercises - Search "reentrancy" in Solodit - Prevention: - CEI/CEII ( FREI-PI soon!) - NonReentrant modifiers

Exploits: Weak RNG

- Case Study: Meebits - Exercises - Search "RNG" in Solodit - Prevention: - Chainlink VRF

Exploits: Arithmetic issues

- Examples: - Under/Overflow - Rounding & Precision - Exercises - Search "overflow" in Solodit - Prevention: - Use newer versions of solidity - Multiply before divide

Exploits: Poor ETH Handling

- Case study: Sushiswap Miso - Exercises: - Stuck ETH without a way to withdraw - Mishandling ETH - Search "Stuck ETH" in Solodit

Informational Findings

- Strict Solc Versioning - Supply Chain Attacks - Magic Numbers

Gas Audits

Code Maturity

- Code coverage

Static Analysis, follow up

What is a Competitive Audit?

- CodeHawks Docs

Writing the report: Puppy Raffle

- Audit Report Templating - Github Report Templating (Cyfrin) - Github Report Templating (Spearbit) - Github Report Templating (Spearbit Custom)

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🧑‍🚀 Exercises:

Ethernaut Challenges (1, 9, and 10) 🧑‍🚀
Sign up for Solodit
Post a tweet about how you completed the Puppy Raffle Audit!
Sign up for farcaster
Do a CodeHawks First Flight

Section 4 NFT

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🔄 Section 5: Invariants & Intro to DeFi | TSwap Audit

💻 Security Review Code: https://github.com/Cyfrin/5-t-swap-audit

Concepts you'll learn: Stateful fuzzing, Fuzzing, Invariants, FREI-PI/CEII, Advanced DeFi, AMMs, Uniswap, Curve.fi, Constant product formula

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STOP!

Don't look at the contracts for this one!

We are going to show you how you can use advanced tools to find even more bugs just by properly understanding invariants and writing more effective test suites.

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The Setup (Scoping): T-Swap

- Client onboarding: Extensive

Reconnaissance: T-Swap

- Protocol Invariants - FREI-PI/CEI

Intro to DeFi/OnChain Finance

- DeFi Llama - AMMs - UniswapV1 - Curve - Constant Product Formula

Tooling: T-Swap

- Forge Fuzzing, Stateful Fuzzing, Invariants - Echidna - Foundry - Consensys - Mutation Testing Introduction - Differential Testing Introduction - Solodit - Properties

Exploits: Weird ERC20s

- Token integration checklist - Weird ERC20 List - Rebase & fee-on-transfer - ERC777 reentrancy callbacks

Exploits: Core Invariant breaking

- Case Study: - Uniswap - Euler

Design Patterns: T-Swap

- FREI-PI / CEII / Pre & Post Checks

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💰 Exercises:

Write a fuzz test to find a bug in this challenge
Write a tweet thread about an interesting finding from Solodit

Section 5 NFT

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Congratulations!!

If you've made it this far in the course and you understand what's going on, you have the skills to start getting paid as a security researcher, doing competitive audits, bug bounties, or even get hired!

But if you want to become one of the best in the world and really secure web3, keep going...

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🌩️ Section 6: Centralization, Proxies, and Oracles | Thunder Loan Audit

💻 Security Review Code: https://github.com/Cyfrin/6-thunder-loan-audit

We are starting to get more advanced with DeFi and smart contract issues. Buckle up, we are getting hotter.

Scoping & Reconnaissance: Thunder Loan

DeFi: Borrowing & Lending

- Aave - Compound - Oracles - Chainlink - TWAP - Proxies - UUPS & Transparent - Multi-facet Proxy (Diamond) - Foundry Proxies & Upgrades - What are upgradeable smart contracts? - Centralization

Malicious Scope

- Don't "yes-man" every audit

Tooling: Thunder Loan

- Upgradehub - init vs initunchained

Exploits: Failure to initialize

- Case Study: I accidentally killed it

Exploits: Storage collision

Exploits: Centralization

- Silent Upgrades - Case Study: Oasis

Exploits: Missing events

Exploits: Bad Upgrade

Exploits: Oracle & Price Manipulation

- Flash Loans - Case Study: Alpha Homora - Case Study: Cream Finance

Design Patterns: Thunder Loan

- Pull over push

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📦 Exercises:

YAcademy Proxy
Tweet about how YOU feel about upgradeable smart contracts

Section 6 NFT

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🌉 Section 7: Bridges, Chains, Signatures, Intro to Yul/Assembly | Bridge Boss Audit

💻 Security Review Code: https://github.com/Cyfrin/7-boss-bridge-audit

Tooling: Boss Bridge

- AI - Tenderly - evm diff - We will learn "the Hans'" - Checklist

Scoping & Reconnaissance: Boss Bridge

- Precompiles - Case Study: Polygon - Public private key demo - Encoding & Decoding Refresher

Exploits: Opcode Support

- Case study: zkSync

Exploits: Signature Replay

Exploits: ERC20 Contract Approval

Exploits: Unlimited Minting

Bridge Hacks

- Bridge hacks: Ronin, Poly network, Nomad, Wormhole

Writing the report: Boss Bridge

Design Patterns: Boss Bridge

- Emergency stop

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💰 Exercises:

Damn Vulnerable DeFi Challenges 1, 2, 4
Write a tweet thread about an interesting finding from Solodit
Tweet about how you finished the hardest audit yet!
Read about more historic attacks:

1. Signature Replay 2. Merkle tree signature issues 3. Polygon Double Spend 4. Nomad Bridge Hack

Section 7 NFT

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Section 7.5: MEV & Governance

Introduction to MEV

- MEV Explained - MEV Explained continued - Toxic MEV - Frontrunning - Sandwich Attacks - non-toxic - Backrunning - MEV Protection - Design - Flashbots Protect - MEVBlocker - Securerpc - MEV in our past security reviews: - Puppy: - Someone can front-run selectWinner to call a refund - T-Swap: - Deadline protection means people can "sandwich" attack you - Thunder Loan: - Users can front run flash loans to make the fees higher or lower - Boss Bridge: - A signed transaction could be front run so that an attacker sends tokens from an L2 before the signer can - Slippage Protection

Exploits: Governance Attack

- Unlimited Minting - Flash Loan Voting - Case Study: Beanstalk - Metamorphic upgrades - Case Study: TORN Governance

🛡️ Section 8: (THE FINAL BOSS AUDIT) MEV, Nodes, & DAOs | Vault Guardians Audit

This security review is optional. It's a LOT of code! But if you choose to do it, you'll get a better idea of what a larger codebase feels like. Being comfortable coming up to a codebase and saying "I'll eventually understand this codebase, but right now I don't" is important!

💻 Security Review Code: https://github.com/Cyfrin/8-vault-guardians-audit

Concepts: Vault Guardians

- Tokenized Vaults (ERC-4626) - Yearn Finance - Permit2

Good luck :)

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🦅 Exercises:

1st CodeHawks Competitive Audit
Write a tweet thread about an interesting finding from Solodit
Write a blog or tweet on your experience!
Read these tips for auditing multi-chain protocols

Section 8 NFT

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First CodeHawks Competitive Audit

How to submit a finding
How to decide severity
Where to find a competitive audit

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Congratulations!!

If you've made it this far in the course and you understand what's going on, you have the skills to become one of the top security researchers in web3! Either as a solo auditor, freelancer, competitive auditor, or even get hired by a top firm!

However... if you want to be on the cutting edge and be able to understand every nook in web3, you've got a little more to go...

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Part 2 has been moved!

Update on Wallets, Post-deployment, EVM Opcodes, Assembly, and Formal Verification

The next sections (originally just called "part 2") have been moved to their own courses!

Wallets & Post Deployment

- Updraft - GitHub

Assembly, EVM Opcodes, and Formal Verification

- Updraft - GitHub

Highly Recommend

We highly recommend taking these two courses (linked above) so you can have a thorough grasp of all things EVM.

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Congratulations

🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊 Completed The Course! 🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊

If you've made it this far... wow.

Where do I go now?

Competitive Audits

- CodeHawks - We are working on many things to get you more deals. Stay tuned... - Code4rena - Hats Finance

CodeHawks Discord
Start marketing your services

- Twitter, Farcaster, LinkedIn, etc - Blogging: Medium, Mirror, etc

Bug Bounties

- Immunefi - Hats Finance

Learning More

Patrick Collins YouTube
Solodit
Block Threat Intelligence (Referral Link)
Consensys Diligence Newsletter
Owen Thurm YouTube
JohnnyTime
The Red Guild YouTube
Cyfrin YouTube

Disclosures

The Cyfrin team runs CodeHawks, Cyfrin Updraft, and private security reviews. They are an advisor to the Peeranha project, and run various blockchain nodes like Chainlink & Ethereum. Additionally, they are responsible for the creation of the Aderyn and Solodit tools.

Thank you

Lead Lecturers / Code Builders

Guest Lecturers

Josselin Feist | Trail of Bits

- Trail of Bits - Fuzzing & Formal Verification

Owen | Guardian Audits

- Guardian Audits - Denial Of Service

Andy Li | Sigma Prime

- Sigma Prime - Weak Randomness

JohnnyTime | Gingersec

- Gingersec - Governance Attack (Specific)

Pashov | Independent Security Researcher

- MEV

Juliette | Cyfrin

- Governance Attack (General)

Alex Roan | Cyfrin

- Fuzzing & Smart Engineering

Special thanks

More Security Stuff

Huge Extra Thank YOU

Thanks to everyone who is taking, participating in, and working on this course. These courses are passion project data dumps for everyone in the web3 ecosystem.

Let's level up so we can keep web3 safer, and thank you again for taking this course!